Transmitting treatment information

ABSTRACT

A system includes a first computing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory. The processor and the memory are configured to receive at least one of (i) information indicative of treatment of a victim by a first caregiver using the first computing device and (ii) information indicative of a health status of the victim; determine that treatment of the victim by the first caregiver using the first computing device is completed; and transmit the received information to a second computing device.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 USC§120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/498,595, filed on Sep. 26,2014, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/039,727, filed on Sep. 27, 2013, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,144,390, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporatedby reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to transmission and storage of informationindicative of the performance of a caregiver treating a victim andinformation indicative of a health status of the victim. In someexamples, portions of an electrocardiogram (ECG) trace can beidentified, for instance, portions of ECG traces of a victim treated bya defibrillating system such as an automated external defibrillator(AED).

BACKGROUND

Sudden health problems such as sudden cardiac arrest and injuries causedby accidents kill thousands of people and cause permanent injury everyyear. Fast and competent care to resuscitate such victims of theseproblems can be essential to positive outcomes in such situations. Forexample, it is said that the chance of surviving a sudden cardiac arrestfalls by ten percent for every minute of delay in providing effectivetreatment.

Resuscitation treatments for patients suffering from cardiac arrestgenerally include clearing and opening the patient's airway, providingrescue breathing for the patient, and applying chest compressions toprovide blood flow to the victim's heart, brain, and other vital organs.If the patient has a shockable heart rhythm (ventricular fibrillation orpulseless ventricular tachycardia), resuscitation also may includedefibrillation therapy. Along with such action, an electrocardiogram(ECG) signal for the patient may be electronically captured, displayed,and monitored, so that rescuers can determine when the patient's hearthas returned to normal or near-normal operation, and determine when theheart exhibits a shockable rhythm.

SUMMARY

In a general aspect, a system includes a first computing devicecomprising a processor coupled to a memory. The processor and the memoryare configured to receive at least one of (i) information indicative oftreatment of a victim by a first caregiver using the first computingdevice and (ii) information indicative of a health status of the victim;determine that treatment of the victim by the first caregiver using thefirst computing device is completed; and transmit the receivedinformation to a second computing device.

Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

Receiving the information indicative of treatment of the victim includesdetecting a characteristic of the treatment of the victim by the firstcaregiver. In some cases, the characteristic of the treatment includesone or more of a depth of chest compressions, a rate of chestcompressions, a duration of chest compressions, and an indication of acontinuity of chest compressions.

Receiving the information indicative of a health status of the victimincludes detecting a characteristic of the health status of the victim.In some cases, the characteristic of the health status includes one ormore of a vital sign of the victim and an ECG trace of the victim.

Determining that treatment of the victim by the first caregiver usingthe first computing device is completed includes detecting an indicationthat treatment is completed. In some cases, detecting an indication thattreatment is completed includes detecting that the first computingdevice has been disconnected from the victim. In some cases, determiningthat treatment of the victim by the first caregiver using the firstcomputing device is completed includes receiving an input from the firstcaregiver. In some cases, determining that treatment of the victim bythe first caregiver using the first computing device is completedincludes receiving a signal from the second computing device.

The first computing device includes a defibrillator or a mobilecomputing device. The second computing device includes a defibrillatoror a server.

Transmitting the received information includes transmitting the receivedinformation to the second computing device according to a securecommunications protocol. In some cases, a key is transmitted to thesecond computing device. In some cases, the key is based on anidentifier of the victim and an identifier of the first device. In somecases a key enabling a third computing device to access the informationtransmitted to the second computing device is transmitted to the thirdcomputing device.

The first computing device is configured to transmit the receivedinformation after a primary functionality of the first computing devicehas been turned off.

In a general aspect, a method includes receiving at least one of (i)information indicative of treatment of a victim by a first caregiverusing the first computing device and (ii) information indicative of ahealth status of the victim; determining that treatment of the victim bythe first caregiver using the first computing device is completed; andtransmitting the received information to a second computing device.

In a general aspect, a computer readable medium stores instructions forcausing a computing system to receive at least one of (i) informationindicative of treatment of a victim by a first caregiver using the firstcomputing device and (ii) information indicative of a health status ofthe victim; determine that treatment of the victim by the firstcaregiver using the first computing device is completed; and transmitthe received information to a second computing device.

In a general aspect, a defibrillating system includes a processorcoupled to a memory. The processor and the memory are configured toidentify a treatment event associated with treatment of a victim withthe defibrillating system, and transmit a representation of a portion ofan ECG signal associated with the identified treatment event.

Embodiments may include one or more of the following features.

The portion of the ECG signal is of a predetermined length of timehaving a start time and an end time based on a time associated with theidentified treatment event. In some cases, the predetermined length oftime is less than about 15 seconds.

The processor and the memory are configured to identify the portion ofthe ECG signal associated with the identified treatment event. In somecases, identifying the portion of the ECG signal comprises selecting aportion of the ECG signal having a predetermined length of time.

The processor and the memory are configured to identify multipletreatment events associated with treatment of the victim with thedefibrillating system. In some cases, the processor and the memory areconfigured to transmit an identifier of each of the multiple treatmentevents. In some cases, the processor and the memory are configured toreceive a selection of a particular one of the multiple treatmentevents. In some cases, the processor and the memory are configured totransmit the portion of the ECG signal associated with the particularone of the multiple treatment events.

Transmitting the portion of the ECG signal includes displaying theportion of the ECG signal on a display interface of the defibrillatingsystem.

Transmitting the portion of the ECG signal includes transmitting theportion of the ECG signal to a computing device.

The processor and the memory are configured to detect that thedefibrillating system has been disconnected from the victim. In somecases, the processor and the memory are configured to detect that thedefibrillating system has been disconnected by detecting a loss ofimpedance in a circuit that includes the defibrillating system and thevictim.

The portion of the ECG signal corresponds to a time period in which thedefibrillating system performed an analysis of the victim's rhythm.

The portion of the ECG signal corresponds to a time period during whichthe defibrillating system was first connected to the victim.

In a general aspect, a defibrillating system includes a processorcoupled to a memory. The processor and the memory are configured to,during treatment of a victim with an automated external defibrillator(AED), associate each of multiple portions of an electrocardiogram (ECG)signal with a corresponding treatment event. The processor and thememory are configured to detect that the AED has been disconnected fromthe victim; responsive to the disconnection of the AED, displayidentifiers of at least some of the treatment events; receive a userselection of one of the displayed treatment events; and display arepresentation of the portion of the ECG signal associated with theselected treatment event.

In a general aspect, a method includes identifying, by a processor of adefibrillating system, a treatment event associated with treatment of avictim with the defibrillating system; and transmitting, by theprocessor, a representation of a portion of an ECG signal associatedwith the identified treatment event.

Embodiments may include one or more of the following features.

The portion of the ECG signal is of a predetermined length of timehaving a start time and an end time based on a time associated with theidentified treatment event. In some cases, the predetermined length oftime is less than about 15 seconds.

The defibrillating system includes an AED.

The method includes identifying the portion of the ECG signal associatedwith the identified treatment event. In some cases, identifying theportion of the ECG signal includes selecting a portion of the ECG signalhaving a predetermined length of time.

Identifying a treatment event includes identifying multiple treatmentevents associated with treatment of the victim with the defibrillatingsystem. In some cases, the method includes transmitting an identifier ofeach of the multiple treatment events. In some cases, the methodincludes receiving a selection of a particular one of the multipletreatment events. In some cases, the method includes transmitting theportion of the ECG signal comprises transmitting the portion of the ECGsignal associated with the particular one of the multiple treatmentevents.

Transmitting the portion of the ECG signal comprises displaying theportion of the ECG signal on a display interface of the defibrillatingsystem.

Transmitting the portion of the ECG signal comprises transmitting theportion of the ECG signal to a computing device.

The method includes detecting that the defibrillating system has beendisconnected from the victim. In some cases, detecting that thedefibrillating system has been disconnected includes detecting a loss ofimpedance in a circuit that includes the defibrillating system and thevictim. In some cases, the method includes receiving confirmation fromthe user that the defibrillating system has been disconnected.

In a general aspect, a computer readable medium stores instructions forcausing a computing system to identify a treatment event associated withtreatment of a victim with the defibrillating system, and transmit arepresentation of portion of an ECG signal associated with theidentified treatment event.

Embodiments may include one or more of the following features.

The portion of the ECG signal is of a predetermined length of timehaving a start time and an end time based on a time associated with theidentified treatment event. In some cases, the predetermined length oftime is less than about 15 seconds.

The instructions cause the computing system to identify the portion ofthe ECG signal associated with the identified treatment event. In somecases, identifying the portion of the ECG signal includes selecting aportion of the ECG signal having a predetermined length of time.

The instructions cause the computing system to identify multipletreatment events associated with treatment of the victim with thedefibrillating system. In some cases, the instructions cause thecomputing system to receive a selection of a particular one of themultiple treatment events. In some cases, the instructions cause thecomputing system to transmit the portion of the ECG signal associatedwith the particular one of the multiple treatment events.

The techniques described herein can have one or more of the followingadvantages. Storing information about treatment delivered to a victim byan early caregiver can help inform the treatment of the victim by alater caregiver, even if that caregiver was not present for the earlytreatment. For instance, monitoring and storing portions of a victim'sECG trace on a defibrillating system, such as an automated externaldefibrillator (AED), allows a caregiver to view information about thevictim's cardiac rhythm at a later point in time, which can aid indiagnosing and treating the victim. For instance, re-displaying aportion of the victim's ECG trace from a point in time when treatmentwas started and/or a portion of the victim's ECG trace prior toreceiving a shock can provide information that can be used to diagnosethe victim's condition. Knowledge of the victim's likely diagnosis caninform treatment of the victim, both at the rescue scene and in ahospital setting. The ability to view the historical information abouttreatment and health status of the victim at the rescue scene or atanother location, such as at a hospital, can enable skilled caregiversto make informed treatment decisions even if those caregivers were notpresent when the information was recorded.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features and advantages willbe apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of a rescue scene.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a defibrillator.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart.

FIGS. 4-10 are screenshots.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a rescue scene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

At a rescue scene, one or more caregivers may deliver treatment to avictim. We describe here an approach to collecting, storing, andtransmitting information indicative of the performance of thecaregivers, the health status of the victim, or both. For instance, theinformation indicative of the performance of the caregivers can include,e.g., information about the quality of chest compressions delivered tothe victim, the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), orother information. The information indicative of the health status ofthe victim can include, e.g., the victim's vital signs, one or moreportions of the victim's electrocardiogram (ECG) trace, or otherinformation.

The information can be transmitted to and displayed on a displayinterface of a defibrillator, transmitted to one or more local or remotecomputing devices for storage or display, or otherwise transmitted. Insome examples, the information can be displayed on a defibrillator, suchas an AED, at the rescue scene, e.g., so that a trained professionalrescuer taking over care of the victim from a first responder can reviewthe performance of the first responder. In some examples, theinformation can be transmitted to a computing device for viewing by aperson away from the rescue scene, such as a coordinator at a dispatchcenter, a medical professional at an emergency room, or another person.In some examples, the information can be transmitted to a storagedevice, such as a database hosted by a cloud server, so that theinformation can later be accessed and viewed, e.g., by an emergency roomprofessional, the victim's primary care doctor, or another person.

The ability to view information indicative of the performance of thecaregivers and/or information indicative of the health status of thevictim at the rescue scene can provide critical, lifesaving informationto the victim's caregivers. As the victim is transferred to higherlevels of care, information about the victim's health and treatment canbe made accessible to and/or presented to the professionals providingthat care. For instance, an initial caregiver may be a relativelyuntrained caregiver, such as a police officer or firefighter. As such,the initial caregiver may be unable to communicate detailed informationabout his performance (e.g., the duration or quality of the chestcompressions he delivered to the victim) or the victim's health statusto a more highly trained caregiver that may arrive on the scene later.By providing the trained caregiver with the ability to view historicalinformation indicative of the performance of an earlier caregiver and/orinformation indicative of the health status of the victim, the trainedcaregiver can have rapid access to information that can enable him tomake more informed decisions about treatment options for the victim(e.g., information about the victim's condition when he first collapsedor information about the rhythms that triggered shock events). Forinstance, the caregiver can use this information to decide whichmedications to administer, whether to initiate or continue with CPR ordefibrillation treatment, how urgently to bring the victim to anemergency room, or other decisions. Similarly, other medical personnel,such as emergency room nurses or physicians, can also use theinformation indicative of the performance of the caregivers and/or theinformation indicative of the health status of the victim to makeinformed decisions about treating the victim.

In some examples, one or more portions of a victim's ECG trace arecollected, stored, and transmitted. The portions of the victim's ECGtrace can be transmitted at a time subsequent to collecting and storingthe ECG trace, such as upon request by a user of a defibrillator, suchas an AED, during treatment of the victim or upon disconnecting the AEDfrom the victim. For instance, the portions of the victim's ECG tracecan be transmitted to a display interface of the AED for display,transmitted to a local or remote computing device for storage ordisplay, or otherwise transmitted. It can be beneficial for a rescuer ormedical professional to have access to information about earlierportions of the victim's ECG to aid in diagnosis and/or treatment of thevictim. For instance, the portions of the victim's ECG trace can beassociated with treatment events, such as determinations by the AED ofwhether the victim's cardiac rhythm was shockable or non-shockable. Inone example, the portion of the victim's ECG trace when treatment wasstarted and/or the portions of the victim's ECG trace prior to receivinga shock (or prior to a determination that the victim's rhythm wasnon-shockable) can be displayed on the AED, providing information thatcan be used by a caregiver to diagnose the victim's condition and/or toinform treatment decisions.

The ability to view portions of the victim's ECG trace at the rescuescene can provide critical, lifesaving information to a victim'scaregivers. For instance, an initial caregiver may be a relativelyuntrained caregiver, such as a police officer, who does not know how toread ECG traces. As such, the initial caregiver may be unable tocommunicate information about the victim's initial ECG trace andinformation about portions of the ECG trace in the analysis periods to ahighly trained caregiver that may arrive on the scene later. Byproviding the trained caregiver with the ability to view portions of thevictim's ECG trace, the trained caregiver can have rapid access toinformation that can enable him to make more informed decisions abouttreatment options for the victim (e.g., information about the victim'scondition when he first collapsed or information about the rhythms thattriggered shock events). For instance, the caregiver can use thisinformation to decide which medications to administer, whether tocontinue with CPR or defibrillation treatment, how urgently to bring thevictim to an emergency room, and other decisions. In addition, thecaregiver can communicate this information to other medical personnel,such as emergency room nurses or physicians, without having to downloadthe ECG traces or transport the AED itself to the emergency room.

Referring to FIG. 1A, at a rescue scene 100, a caregiver 104 performscardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a victim 102. The victim 102 maybe, for instance, an individual who has apparently undergone suddencardiac arrest. The caregiver 104 may be, for instance, a civilianresponder with limited or no training in lifesaving techniques; a firstresponder, such as a police officer, firefighter, emergency medicaltechnician (EMT), or paramedic; or a medical professional, such as aphysician or nurse. The caregiver 104 may be acting alone or may beacting with assistance from one or more other caregivers, such as apartner police officer. Although FIG. 1A is described with respect to arescue scene 100, the approaches described here can also be used inother situations, such as in a medical treatment facility such as anemergency room, hospital, medical clinic, or other type of facility.

A computing device at the rescue scene 100 can store informationindicative of the performance of the caregiver 104 when deliveringtreatment to the victim 102, the health status of the victim 102, orboth. The computing device that stores the information can be anelectronic defibrillating system 106 that includes a defibrillator 200,such as an automated external defibrillator (AED), a professionaldefibrillator, or another type of defibrillating apparatus. Thecomputing device that stores the information can be a mobile computingdevice 203 used by the caregiver 104, such as a smartphone, tablet,wearable computing device (e.g., a watch, glasses, or other type ofwearable computing device), or another type of mobile computing device203. For instance, the mobile computing device 203 can execute anapplication that guides the caregiver 104 in delivery of treatment, suchas chest compressions, to the victim 102. We sometimes refer to thedefibrillator 200 as storing and transmitting the information; however,the mobile computing device 203 can similarly store and transmit theinformation.

The defibrillator 200 is connected to electrode pads 110 placed on thevictim's chest via one or more cables 112. The defibrillator 200provides defibrillation to the victim 102 as needed via the electrodepads 110 and instructs the caregiver 104 in performing CPR. Thedefibrillator 200 stores information indicative of the performance ofthe caregiver 104 and/or information indicative of the health status ofthe victim 102. For instance, the defibrillator 200 can storeinformation indicative of the quality of chest compressions delivered tothe victim 102 (e.g., as determined based on compression rate,compression depth, and/or other metrics), the duration of CPR, theduration of ventilations delivered to the victim 102, or otherinformation indicative of the performance of the caregivers. Thedefibrillator 200 can store information indicative of the victim's vitalsigns, such as the victim's pulse, blood pressure, respiration rate,SpO2 level, CO2 data, information associated with the victim's cardiacrhythm (e.g., the victim's electrocardiogram (ECG) trace), or otherinformation indicative of the health status of the victim 102. In somecases, the defibrillator 200 can receive some of the informationindicative of the victim's vital signs from other victim monitoringdevices.

The defibrillator 200 can transmit the stored information indicative ofthe performance of the caregiver 104 and/or the information indicativeof the health status of the victim 102 to a display interface 210 of thedefibrillator or to another computing device. For instance,representations of one or more portions of the victim's ECG trace can betransmitted to the display interface 210 of the defibrillator 200 or toanother computing device. The information can be transmitted duringtreatment of the victim 102 or following treatment of the victim 102,e.g., when the defibrillator 200 is disconnected from the victim 102.

In some cases, the defibrillator 200 can transmit the information to acomputing device at the rescue scene, such as a mobile computing device(e.g., a smartphone, a tablet, a wearable computing device such as awatch or glasses, or another type of mobile computing device), a laptopcomputer, another defibrillator, or another type of computing device.Transmitting information to a computing device at the rescue scene canbe useful, e.g., to help a highly trained caregiver (e.g., a paramedic,an EMT, an advanced life support team, or another trained caregiver) tounderstand the history of the victim's treatment and health by a firstresponder prior to the trained caregiver's arrival.

The information can be transmitted to a remote computing device, such asa laptop or desktop computer, a server (e.g., a cloud-based server or aserver dedicated to a facility such as a hospital, a defibrillatorcompany, or an ambulance service), or another type of computing device.Transmitting information to a remote computing device that is not at therescue scene can be useful, e.g., to allow medical professionals at ahospital to understand the history of the victim's treatment and healthprior to the victim's arrival in the hospital without having to accessthe defibrillator 200 that was used to treat the victim.

Referring to FIG. 2, the defibrillator 200 includes an analysis module202 that determines whether the cardiac rhythm of the victim 102 isshockable. In one example, the analysis module 202 periodically (e.g.,every minute, every 2 minutes, every 3 minutes, or another time period)monitors and analyzes the victim's rhythm for a short analysis period(e.g., 9 seconds, 12 seconds, 15 seconds, or another analysis period).The analysis module 202 identifies the victim's rhythm during theanalysis period and determines whether the rhythm is shockable, forinstance, based on characteristics of the waveform(s) in the rhythm.Example shockable rhythms (i.e., rhythms that can be treated bydelivering a shock to the victim 102) include ventricular fibrillation,ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, and other types ofshockable rhythms. Example non-shockable rhythms (i.e., rhythms thatcannot be treated effectively by delivering a shock to the victim 102)include asystole, bradycardia, pulseless electrical activity (PEA),idio-ventricular rhythms, normal rhythm, and other types ofnon-shockable rhythms.

If the victim's rhythm is shockable, a shock module 204 of thedefibrillator 200 causes a shock to be delivered to the victim 102through the electrode pads 110. In some cases, the shock can bedelivered automatically. In some cases, a communications module 206 ofthe defibrillator 200 can prompt the caregiver 104 for a command todeliver a shock to the victim 102 or can present a “Clear” warning tothe caregiver 104. If the victim's rhythm is non-shockable, thecommunications module 206 can instruct the caregiver to deliver chestcompressions to the victim 102.

A treatment event is a determination (e.g., by the analysis module 202)of whether the victim's cardiac rhythm is shockable, e.g., followingeach analysis period or following an initial analysis period uponbeginning treatment of the victim 102 with the defibrillator 200. Theportion of the ECG trace associated with each treatment event cancorrespond to the analysis period preceding the treatment event. Theportion of the ECG trace associated with a particular treatment eventcan be of a predetermined length of time (e.g., the length of theanalysis period, such as 9 seconds, 12 seconds, 15 seconds, or anotherlength of time) and can have a start time and an end time based on atime associated with the particular treatment event. For instance, theend time of the portion of the ECG trace associated with a particulartreatment event can be the time at which the treatment event occurred(e.g., the time at which the victim's rhythm was determined to beshockable or non-shockable), and the start time of the portion of theECG trace can be earlier by the length of the analysis period (e.g., 9seconds, 12 seconds, 15 seconds, or another amount of time earlier).

The analysis module 202 can identify the portion of the victim's ECGtrace associated with one or more treatment events that occurred duringtreatment of the victim 102 with the defibrillator 200. For instance,based on information indicative of the time at which a particulartreatment event occurred and the length of time of the analysis period,the analysis module 202 can select the portion of the ECG trace that isassociated with that particular treatment event.

A storage module 208 in the defibrillator 200 stores the informationindicative of the performance of the caregiver 104 and/or theinformation indicative of the health status of the victim 102, such asthe victim's ECG trace. The storage module 208 can be, e.g., a database,a file, or another type of data structure. In some examples, one or moreportions of the ECG trace are stored, such as portions identified by theanalysis module 202 as associated with treatment events. In someexamples, the entire ECG trace is stored and each portion identified bythe analysis module 202 as associated with a treatment event is marked,e.g., with a tag identifying the respective treatment event (e.g., atimestamp or a characteristic of the treatment event, such as anindication of whether the treatment event determined that the rhythm wasshockable or non-shockable). In some examples, other data can also bestored. For instance, information from other victim monitoring devices,such as SpO₂ data, CO₂ data, ventilation data, chest compression data,and other data about the rescue attempt can be stored. In some examples,these data can be stored synchronously with the victim's ECG trace. Insome examples, a narrative can be stored with the stored information,e.g., with the victim's ECG trace. For instance, the communicationsmodule 206 can record the caregiver's comments and the recorded commentscan be stored synchronously with the victim's ECG trace or otherinformation.

The stored information, such as the victim's ECG trace, can provideinformation that can be used to aid in diagnosing and treating thevictim. For instance, the victim's ECG trace prior to receiving a shockcan provide information that can be used to diagnose the victim'scondition. Knowledge of the victim's likely diagnosis can informtreatment of the victim, both at the rescue scene 100 and in a hospitalsetting.

The portion of the ECG trace associated with an initial treatment event(e.g., corresponding to an initial treatment period during which the AED200 was first connected to the victim 102, such as within the first 6-10seconds) can provide information about the victim's pathology. Forinstance, this initial portion of the ECG trace can help to identify thevictim's pathology as pulseless electrical activity (PEA), ST-elevationmyocardial infarction (STEMI), ventricular arrhythmia, atrialarrhythmia, preeclampsia, or another cardiac pathology. If the victim'spathology can be identified, appropriate treatment can be delivered tothe victim.

The portion of the ECG trace associated with each analysis period (e.g.,the portion of the ECG trace during the analysis period prior todelivery of a shock or determination that the rhythm is non-shockable)can provide information about the types of rhythms that developed in thevictim. In some cases, a shockable rhythm that occurs once in a victimmay not occur again after defibrillation. Storing the ECG traces priorto delivery of a shock can serve as a catalog of the types of rhythmsthat developed in the victim, even if those rhythms occur only once or asmall number of times. Knowledge of the rhythms that developed in thevictim can inform decisions about diagnosis and treatment of the victim.

The communications module 206 causes some or all of the storedinformation, such as representations of the stored portions of the ECGtrace, to be transmitted, e.g., to the display interface 210 of thedefibrillator 200, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen oranother type of display interface; or to another computing device. Forinstance, information can be transmitted to a computing device used by acaregiver at the rescue scene 100 or a medical professional at ahospital. For instance, the transmitted portions of the ECG trace can bedisplayed on the display interface 210 of the defibrillator or onanother computing device as still images or can be played back asvideos.

In some examples, a representation of the portion of the ECG trace forone or more treatment events (e.g., the initial treatment period and/orone or more of the analysis periods) is automatically presentedsequentially on the display interface 210. For instance, therepresentation of the portion of the ECG trace can be the portion of theECG trace itself. In some examples, identifiers of multiple treatmentevents (e.g., identifiers indicative of the time of each treatmentevent) are displayed on the display interface 210, e.g., as a list, andthe caregiver 102 can select to view the portions of the ECG trace forone or more of the listed treatment events. In some examples,identifiers of the types of rhythms exhibited by the victim 102 aredisplayed on the display interface 210, e.g., as a list, and thecaregiver 102 can select to view all of the portions of the ECG traceassociated with a particular type of rhythm, such as all shockablerhythms, all non-shockable rhythms, or a specific type of rhythm (e.g.,ventricular fibrillation, asystole, or another specific type of rhythm).

The caregiver 104 can interact with the displayed portions of the ECGtrace, e.g., to move forwards or backwards in time along a trace, tozoom in, to switch from the trace of one analysis period to the trace ofanother analysis period, etc. In some examples, the caregiver 104 caninteract with the display interface 210 by clicking on the displayinterface 210 with a mouse or other pointing device, by typing commandsinto a keyboard or a keypad, or by using buttons provided on thedefibrillator 200. In some examples, the display interface 210 is atouch-responsive interface, and the caregiver 104 can interact with thedisplay interface 210 by touching, tapping, or dragging on the displayinterface 210 with a finger or stylus. In some examples, thedefibrillator 200 includes voice recognition capabilities and thecaregiver 104 can interact with the display interface 210 by speakingcommands.

In some examples, the stored information can be displayed on the displayinterface 210 responsive to a user request. For instance, during orafter treatment of the victim 102, a caregiver can request to view thestored portions of the ECG trace, e.g., to see the history of thevictim's treatment.

In some examples, the stored information, such as the stored portions ofthe ECG trace, can be displayed on the display interface 210 once thedefibrillator 200 has been disconnected from the victim 102. Forinstance, referring to FIG. 1B, if a highly trained second caregiver 150(e.g., a paramedic, an EMT, an advanced life support team, or anothertrained caregiver) arrives at the rescue scene 100, it can be beneficialfor the second caregiver 150 to understand the history of the victim's102 cardiac rhythms. This information can include the rhythms present atkey times during the treatment, such as when treatment was firstinitiated and when the rhythms were identified as shockable ornon-shockable. The rhythms during these periods can be displayed to thesecond caregiver 150.

Particularly, in some examples, the second caregiver 150 can arrive witha more advanced defibrillator 152. The caregiver 104 can stop treatingthe victim 102 with the defibrillator 200 and allow the second caregiver150 to take over treatment using the advanced defibrillator 152. Thesecond caregiver 150 can remove the electrode pads 110 from the victim102, thus disconnecting the defibrillator 200 from the victim 102. Thesecond caregiver can then position new electrode pads 154 on the victim102 that are connected to the advanced defibrillator 152 via cables 156.In some cases, the electrode pads 110 are compatible with the advanceddefibrillator 152, and the second caregiver 150 can disconnect thecables 112 from the defibrillator 200 (thus disconnecting thedefibrillator 200 from the victim 102) and connect the cables 112 to thesame advanced defibrillator 152.

Referring again to FIG. 2, a detection module 212 detects when thedefibrillator 200 is disconnected from the victim 102. For instance, thedetection module 212 can detect when a significant change occurs in theimpedance across the victim's chest between the two electrode pads 110by detecting a loss of impedance in a circuit that includes thedefibrillator 200 and the victim 102. That is, when the electrode pads110 are removed from the victim 102 or when the cables 112 aredisconnected from the electrode pads 110, the detection module 212detects a corresponding loss of impedance. Based on the loss ofimpedance, the detection module 212 determines that the defibrillator200 has been disconnected from the victim 102. For instance, thedetection module 212 can detect when the loss of impedance is greaterthan a threshold change or when the actual impedance falls below athreshold value. The threshold change or threshold value can be set suchthat small changes in impedance, e.g., due to cardiac activity of thevictim, the victim's respiration or ventilation, or other activities, donot register as a disconnection of the defibrillator 200.

When the detection module 212 detects that the defibrillator 200 hasbeen disconnected, the communications module 206 can ask forconfirmation that treatment with the defibrillator has been completed.Once confirmation is received, the communications module 206 causes theinformation, such as the stored portions of the victim's ECG trace, tobe transmitted. In one example, a confirmation message is displayed onthe display interface 210 asking a caregiver (e.g., caregiver 104 or150) to confirm that treatment with the defibrillator 200 has ended. Inone example, an audio confirmation message can be played through aspeaker in the defibrillator 200 and a caregiver can respond verbally.The caregiver's verbal response can be processed by voice recognitionsoftware implemented in the communications module 206.

In some examples, the communications module 206 can ask for confirmationas soon as the detection module 212 detects a loss of impedance. In someexamples, the communications module 206 can ask for confirmation after awaiting period, such as 2 seconds, 5 seconds, or 10 seconds after thedetection module 212 detects a loss of impedance. The waiting period canhelp avoid asking the caregiver for confirmation in response to anaccidental disconnection of the defibrillator 200 (e.g., by accidentallydislodging a cable 112).

The ability to view information indicative of the performance of thecaregiver 104 and/or the information indicative of the health status ofthe victim 102, such as portions of the victim's ECG trace, at therescue scene can provide critical, lifesaving information to thecaregivers at the rescue scene 100. For instance, the initial caregiver104 may be a relatively untrained caregiver who does not know how toread ECG traces. That is, the caregiver 104 may be unable to communicateinformation about his own performance or about the health status of thevictim, such as the victim's initial ECG trace and information about theportions of the ECG trace in the analysis periods, to the highly trainedcaregiver 150. By providing the caregiver 150 with the ability to viewthis information (e.g., portions of the victim's ECG trace), thecaregiver 150 has rapid access to information that can enable him tomake more informed decisions about treatment options for the victim 102(e.g., information about the victim's condition when he first collapsed,information about the rhythms that triggered shock events, informationabout treatment that had previously been delivered to the victim, orother information). For instance, the caregiver 150 can use thisinformation to decide which medications to administer, whether tocontinue with CPR or defibrillation treatment, how urgently to bring thevictim to an emergency room, and other decisions. In addition, thecaregiver 150 can communicate this information to other medicalpersonnel, such as emergency room nurses or physicians, without havingto download the ECG traces or transport the defibrillator 200 itself tothe emergency room.

In some examples, the communications module 206 provides the ability todownload portions of the victim's ECG trace and other monitoring data toa computing device, such as a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptopcomputer, a mobile phone, a tablet, a watch, glasses, or another type ofmobile computing device) or to a storage device, such as a USB drive.For instance, the computing device or storage device can be connected toa data port on the defibrillator 200, e.g., directly or via a cableconnection. In some examples, the portions of the victim's ECG trace canbe downloaded through a wireless connection between the defibrillator200 and the computing device, e.g., through a short-range wirelessprotocol such as Bluetooth® communication or another type of wirelesscommunication. For instance, the victim's traces and other monitoringdata can be downloaded to a computer at a hospital to allow a physicianto view details of the victim's treatment history.

In some examples, the information indicative of the performance of thecaregiver 104 and/or the information indicative of the health status ofthe victim 102 can be transmitted to a cloud-based server for storage.The information can be transmitted along with an identifier of thevictim. The stored information can be encrypted, password-protected, orotherwise protected to maintain the security and privacy of the victim'sinformation. A user, such as a medical professional in an emergencyroom, can view or download the victim's information with properauthorization, e.g., with knowledge of the victim's identifier, withpossession of the appropriate encryption key or password, or withanother type of authorization.

Referring to FIG. 3, in one example of an approach to providing care toa victim, an AED or another type of defibrillator analyzes, identifies,and stores portions of a victim's ECG trace during treatment of thevictim with the AED, e.g., while the AED is connected to the victim(300). Other monitoring data, and other monitoring information, such asSpO₂ data, CO₂ data, ventilation data, chest compression data, and otherdata about the rescue attempt, can also be stored synchronously with theportions of the victim's ECG trace. For instance, the AED analyzes thevictim's rhythms periodically, e.g., once per minute, once every 2minutes, once every 3 minutes, or another time period. The analysisperiod can be, e.g., 9 seconds, 12 seconds, 15 seconds, or anotheranalysis period. The analysis of the victim's rhythms includes identifythe type of rhythm and determining whether the rhythm is shockable ornon-shockable. The portions of the ECG trace for at least each analysisperiod are stored on the AED

Treatment is delivered to the victim (302). For instance, if thevictim's rhythm is shockable, the AED can deliver a shock to the victim.The AED can instruct a caregiver to deliver chest compressions to thevictim, e.g., following delivery of a shock or if the victim's rhythm isnon-shockable.

During the treatment of the victim, the impedance across the victim'schest is monitored (304). For instance, the impedance across thevictim's chest can be monitored continuously or periodically, e.g., onceper second, once every 2 seconds, once every 5 seconds, or another timeperiod. If no significant change in impedance is detected (306), theanalysis and storage of the victim's rhythms (300) and the delivery oftreatment (302) continue.

When a significant change in impedance is detected (306), the AED asksfor confirmation that the AED has been disconnected from the victim(308). In some examples, the AED asks for confirmation after a waitingperiod of, e.g., 10 seconds after detecting a significant change in theimpedance. The significant change in impedance can include that thechange in impedance is greater than a threshold change in impedance orthat the absolute value of the impedance is less than a threshold value.This significant change in impedance can indicate that the AED has beendisconnected from the victim, e.g., by removing the electrode pads fromthe victim's chest or by disconnecting the electrode cables from the AED

Upon receiving confirmation that the AED has been disconnected from thevictim, the portions of the victim's ECG trace are presented on adisplay interface of the AED (310). In some examples, the portion of theECG trace for each analysis period is automatically presentedsequentially. In some examples, identifiers of treatment eventsassociated with one or more of the analysis periods are displayed and acaregiver can select to view the portion of the ECG trace associatedwith one or more of the listed treatment events. In some examples,identifiers of one or more of the types of rhythms exhibited by thevictim are displayed and a caregiver can select to view all of theportions of the ECG trace associated with a particular type of rhythm.

In some examples, some of the functionality of the AED 200 is carriedout on a control device, such as a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone,tablet, watch, glasses, or another type of mobile device). For instance,one or more of the analysis module 202, the communications module 206,the storage module 208, the display interface 210, and the detectionmodule 212 can be implemented on the control device. An example controldevice is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/036,503, filed Sep.25, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In some examples, a user of a mobile device can request to review theportions of the victim's ECG trace even if the AED has not beendisconnected from the victim. For instance, while treatment is ongoing,a user can view the portions of the victim's ECG trace from earlier intreatment to gain an overview of how the victim's condition hasprogressed.

Referring to FIG. 4, in one example, when a significant loss ofimpedance or other triggering event is detected, a confirmation screen400 is displayed on the display interface 210 of the AED 200. Theconfirmation screen 400 asks a caregiver to confirm that the AED 200 hasbeen disconnected from the victim. The caregiver can respond by touchingor tapping on the display interface 210 or by pushing a button 402.

Referring to FIG. 5, in this example, after confirmation is received, arhythms screen 500 displays a list of identifiers of all of the types ofrhythms that occurred during treatment of the victim. The caregiver canselect a type of rhythm to view the portions of the ECG traces in whichthe selected type of rhythm occurred by touching or tapping on thedisplay interface or by pushing a button, if available. The caregivercan scroll up or down through the list of rhythms using the buttons 402.To view a chronological list of events (e.g., the timeline screen 800,described below) or a graphical timeline (e.g., the graphs screen 900,described below), the caregiver can select a “Switch Mode” option 502.In some examples, the types of rhythms that occurred during treatment ofthe victim are categorized as either “shockable” or “not shockable” onthe rhythms screen 500.

Referring to FIG. 6, in this example, the caregiver selected to view theportions of the ECG trace in which ventricular fibrillation wasidentified. An events screen 600 displays a list of all of theoccurrences of ventricular fibrillation (e.g., all of the analysisperiods in which ventricular fibrillation occurred). The occurrences canbe identified by the number of the corresponding treatment event, by thetimestamp of the corresponding treatment event, or by anotheridentifier. In the example of FIG. 6, two periods of ventricularfibrillation occurred: one spanning three analysis periods between 10:10and 10:14, and the second spanning two analysis periods between 10:20and 10:22. The caregiver can select one of the treatment events to viewthe portion of the ECG trace associated with that treatment event (e.g.,the portion of the ECG trace for the analysis period preceding theselected treatment event) by touching or tapping on the displayinterface. The caregiver can scroll up or down through the list ofoccurrences using the buttons 402. The caregiver can return to therhythms screen 500 by selecting a “Back” option 602.

Referring to FIG. 7, in this example, the caregiver selected to view thefirst occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. A trace screen 700displays a portion 704 of an ECG trace corresponding to this occurrence.In some examples, the caregiver can interact with the portion 704 of theECG trace, e.g., by zooming in or out or scrolling forwards or backwardsin time. From the trace screen 700, the caregiver can scroll to thetrace for the previous analysis period or the next analysis period,e.g., by swiping to the right or left on the screen or by using thebuttons 402. The caregiver can return to the previous screen byselecting a “Back” option 702.

Referring to FIG. 8, in another viewing mode, a chronological list oftreatment events can be displayed on a timeline screen 800. The timelinescreen 800 displays a menu of identifiers of the treatment events inchronological order. The treatment events can be identified by number,by timestamp, or by another identifier. In some examples, the actiontaken at each treatment event (e.g., shock or no shock), the type ofrhythm identified in the analysis period preceding each treatment event,or both can also be displayed. Selecting one of the treatment eventsbrings up a display of the portion of the ECG trace associated with theselected treatment event, such as the portion of the ECG trace for theanalysis period preceding the selected treatment event (e.g., such astrace screen 700). The caregiver can scroll up or down through the listof treatment events using the buttons 402. To view a list of the typesof rhythms (e.g., the rhythms screen 500) or a graphical timeline (e.g.,the graphs screen 900), the caregiver can select the “Switch Mode”option 502.

Referring to FIG. 9, in another viewing mode, a graphical timeline viewof treatment events can be displayed on a graph screen 900. The graphscreen displays a horizontal timeline of the treatment events inchronological order with a brief description of each treatment event.Selecting one of the treatment events brings up a display of the portionof the ECG trace associated with the selected treatment event, such asthe portion of the ECG trace for the analysis period preceding theselected treatment event (e.g., such as trace screen 700). The caregivercan scroll forwards or backwards through the horizontal timeline usingthe buttons 402. To view a list of the types of rhythms (e.g., therhythms screen 500), a textual timeline (e.g., the timeline screen 800),the caregiver can select the “Switch Mode” option 502.

Referring to FIG. 10, in a general presentation screen 90, a menu ispresented that displays options for viewing an overall summary of thevictim's treatment, information indicative of the performance of arescuer, or information indicative of the victim's health status. Theoverall summary can include a high-level presentation of summaryinformation describing the treatment of the victim, such as a durationor general quality of CPR, a number of times the victim was shocked witha defibrillator, or another high-level summary. The informationindicative of the performance of a rescuer can include more detailedinformation descriptive of the rescuer's treatment of the victim. Theinformation indicative of the victim's health status can include moredetailed data about the victim, such as the victim's vital signs, ECGtrace, or other information.

The example screens shown in FIGS. 4-10 are screens on a defibrillatordisplay interface. Similar information can also be displayed on otherdisplay interfaces, such as on the display screen of a mobile computingdevice, a laptop or desktop computer, a television, or another type ofdisplay screen.

Referring to FIG. 11, in an example of a general approach to providingcare to a victim, a computing device receives and stores informationindicative of a caregiver's performance and/or information indicative ofa health status of the victim (30). In some instances, the computingdevice can be a defibrillator that stores portions of a victim's ECGtrace as described above. The defibrillator can also store otherinformation, such as vital signs of the victim, details about thequality and duration of compressions delivered to the victim, or otherinformation. In some instances, the computing device can be a mobilecomputing device (e.g., a smartphone, tablet, wearable computing devicesuch as a watch or glasses, or other type of mobile computing device)that executes an application to guide the caregiver in administeringchest compressions to the victim. When placed on the victim (e.g., onthe victim's chest) or held in the caregiver's hands, the applicationexecuting on the mobile computing device can detect informationindicative of the caregiver's performance, such as the rate and depth ofthe compressions delivered to the victim, the length of time for whichthe caregiver performed chest compressions, or the nature of the CPR(e.g., continuous or occasional compressions).

The computing device determines that treatment of the victim by thecaregiver using (or assisted by) the computing device is completed (32).Treatment of the victim by the caregiver may be completed, e.g., if amore highly trained caregiver arrives to take over for a less trainedfirst responder, if the victim arrives by ambulance at an emergencyroom, or for another reason. If the computing device is a defibrillator,the defibrillator can detect a significant change in impedanceindicative of removal of electrodes from the victim's chest. If thecomputing device is a mobile computing device, the mobile computingdevice can determine that treatment is completed when the caregiverenters an input (e.g., when the caregiver pushes a “stop” icon or closesthe application). In some examples, the more highly trained caregivermay arrive with a computing device, such as an AED, that broadcasts asignal to cause a mobile computing device running the application todetermine that its treatment is completed.

The stored information indicative of a caregiver's performance and/orinformation indicative of a health status of the victim are transmitted(34). In some examples, the information is transmitted to a displayscreen of the same computing device, such as to a display screen of thedefibrillator or a display screen of the mobile computing device. Insome examples, the information is transmitted to a local computingdevice. For instance, the mobile computing device can transmit itsstored information to the AED brought by the more highly trainedcaregiver. In some examples, the information is transmitted to a remotecomputing device, such as to a server for storage.

Referring to FIG. 12, in a specific example, a bystander 10 encounters avictim 12 who appears to be in cardiac arrest. The bystander 10 calls9-1-1 and, guided by an application executing on his mobile computingdevice 14, administers chest compressions to the victim 12. When placedon the chest of the victim 12, the application executing on the mobilecomputing device 14 can detect information indicative of the bystander'sperformance, such as the rate and depth of the compressions delivered tothe victim, the length of time for which the bystander 10 performedchest compressions, or the nature of the CPR (e.g., continuous oroccasional compressions).

In this example, an EMT 16 arrives with an AED 18 and takes over care ofthe victim 12 from the bystander 10. The EMT 16 wants to know what sortof treatment the victim 12 received from the bystander 10, but thebystander 10 may lack the knowledge to describe his treatment, may betoo overwhelmed to discuss the treatment, or may wish to leave thescene. The bystander's mobile computing device 14 can transmit theinformation indicative of the bystander's performance to the AED 18. Asummary of the bystander's performance, based on the transmittedinformation, can be displayed on a display screen of the AED 18 toindicate to the EMT 16 that the bystander performed good quality,continuous chest compressions for the last two minutes at a generallyconstant rate and depth. Based on this summary, the EMT 16 can determinehow to best continue treatment of the victim 12.

In this example, once the victim 12 is stabilized, the victim 12 is putinto an ambulance and taken to an emergency room 20. In the ambulance,the victim 12 goes into cardiac arrest again and the EMT 16defibrillates the victim using the AED 18, performs CPR, andrestabilizes the victim 12. Once treatment of the victim with the AED 18is completed, the AED can transmit information indicative of the EMT'sperformance and information indicative of the health status of thevictim to a server 22 for storage. When the victim arrives in theemergency room 20, medical professionals 24 can view or download theinformation stored on the server 22 to understand the victim's treatmenthistory. The information stored on the server 22 is accessible to themedical professionals 24 in the emergency room even after the EMT 16 hasdeparted with the AED 18, thus allowing the emergency room professionals24 to access the victim's information at a convenient and appropriatetime.

In some examples, the transmission of the information indicative oftreatment of a victim by a first caregiver or information indicative ofa health status of a victim from a first computing device to a secondcomputing device can occur without any intervention by a user of eitherdevice. For instance, each device may have been preconfigured torecognize the identity of the other device and establish communicationswith the other device. In some examples, the two devices can establishcommunications according to a communications protocol that is encrypted,e.g., to sufficiently protect the data and identity of the patient, suchas a communications protocol that is encrypted in compliance with healthdata protection standards such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portabilityand Accountability Act) regulations.

In some examples, the second device can be configured to maintain powerand operations to an internal low power communication system that canremain operational even when the second device is functionally in an OFFstate, e.g., when the second device is not providing any clinicalfunctions to the user. The low power communications may use theBluetooth low energy technology of Bluetooth 4.0, as described in thefollowing (from http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Basics.aspx):

“The most commonly used radio is Class 2 and uses 2.5 mW of power.Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption.This is reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be powereddown when inactive. The Generic Alternate MAC/PHY in Version 3.0 HSenables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed devices and turns onthe radio only when needed for data transfer giving a power optimizationbenefit as well as aiding in the security of the radios. Bluetooth lowenergy technology, optimized for devices requiring maximum battery lifeinstead of a high data transfer rate, consumes between ½ and 1/100 thepower of classic Bluetooth technology.”

In cases in which the internal low power communication system of thesecond device remains operational even when the second device isotherwise in the OFF state, data (e.g., the information indicative oftreatment of a victim by a first caregiver or information indicative ofa health status of a victim) can begin to be transmitted (e.g.,downloaded) even if the second device is in the OFF state. For instance,if the second device is in the OFF state when a victim is transferred(e.g., transferred to another caregiver, such as from a first responderto a professional caregiver, or transferred by ambulance to an emergencyroom, or otherwise transferred), information indicative of the treatmentof the victim and/or information indicative of the health status of thevictim can still be transferred.

In some examples, the first device can upload data (e.g., theinformation indicative of treatment of a victim by a first caregiver orinformation indicative of a health status of a victim) to a remotestorage facility, such as a cloud storage facility. In some cases, thedata can be uploaded with an encryption mechanism, such as with anencrypted key that is specific to the combination of the particularfirst device and the particular victim. At the time of patient transfer,the first device can establish a connection with the second device andrapidly transfer the encrypted key to the second device, without needingto transfer all the data to the second device, which can be timeconsuming. The second device can then submit the encrypted key to thecloud storage facility to retrieve the relevant information for thespecific first device—victim combination, which can then be displayed tothe new caregiver. Once the encrypted key is transferred from the firstdevice to the second device, the first device can be powered off orremoved from the location (e.g., the rescue scene). The rapid transferof only an encrypted key can thus enable the first device to be rapidlyput back into service, e.g., on an ambulance.

The features described herein can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or incombinations of them. The apparatus can be implemented in a computerprogram product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in amachine-readable storage device, for execution by a programmableprocessor; and method steps can be performed by a programmable processorexecuting a program of instructions to perform functions of thedescribed implementations by operating on input data and generatingoutput. The described features can be implemented advantageously in oneor more computer programs that are executable on a programmable systemincluding at least one programmable processor coupled to receive dataand instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a datastorage system, at least one input device, and at least one outputdevice. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used,directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity orbring about a certain result. A computer program can be written in anyform of programming language, including compiled or interpretedlanguages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unitsuitable for use in a computing environment.

Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructionsinclude, by way of example, both general and special purposemicroprocessors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors ofany kind of computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructionsand data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Theessential elements of a computer are a processor for executinginstructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data.Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled tocommunicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing datafiles; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disksand removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks. Storagedevices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructionsand data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way ofexample semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. Theprocessor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in,ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).

To provide for interaction with a user, the features can be implementedon a computer having a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube)or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information tothe user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or atrackball by which the user can provide input to the computer.

The features can be implemented on a mobile computing device, such as amobile phone, a tablet, a watch, glasses, or another type of mobilecomputing device. The mobile computing device can have a display devicesuch as a touch screen for displaying information to the user andreceiving input from the user. The mobile computing device can receiveinput from the user via the touch screen, a key pad, a microphone, oranother type of input device.

The features can be implemented in a computer system that includes aback-end component, such as a data server, or that includes a middlewarecomponent, such as an application server or an Internet server, or thatincludes a front-end component, such as a client computer having agraphical user interface or an Internet browser, or any combination ofthem. The components of the system can be connected by any form ormedium of digital data communication such as a communication network.Examples of communication networks include, e.g., a LAN, a WAN, and thecomputers and networks forming the Internet.

The computer system can include clients and servers. A client and serverare generally remote from each other and typically interact through anetwork, such as the described one. The relationship of client andserver arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended toillustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is definedby the scope of the appended claims. Other embodiments are within thescope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A defibrillating system comprising: one or moreelectrodes configured to measure an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal froma patient and deliver shock therapy to the patient; and a processorcoupled to a memory, the processor and the memory configured to performoperations comprising: analyzing a portion of the electrocardiogram(ECG) signal measured by the one or more electrodes of a defibrillatingdevice to determine whether to deliver shock therapy to the patientusing the defibrillating device; in response determining whether todeliver the shock therapy, generating data representing a treatmentevent; associating the analyzed portion of the ECG signal with thetreatment event data; determining that a treatment of the patient by afirst caregiver using the defibrillating device is completed; andstoring, in response to the determination, the treatment event data in aprofile associated with the patient, the profile configured to beaccessible by a second caregiver.
 2. The defibrillating system of claim1, wherein the operations further comprise: delivering shock therapywhen a shockable rhythm identified from the ECG signal, wherein shocktherapy is not delivered if a non-shockable rhythm is identified fromthe ECG signal.
 3. The defibrillating system of claim 1, wherein thetreatment event data comprises: an identifier of the patient beingtreated by the shock therapy; an indicator indicating whether theportion of the ECG signal is indicative of a shockable rhythm or whetherthe portion of the ECG signal is indicative of a non-shockable rhythm;and a timestamp representing a time at which the treatment event isgenerated.
 4. The defibrillating system of claim 3, wherein thetreatment event data is associated with additional data, the additionaldata including one or more of SpO2 data, CO2 data, ventilation data,chest compression data, and narrative data, the additional data beingcontemporaneous with a time period during which the portion of the ECGsignal was measured by the one or more electrodes.
 5. The defibrillatingsystem of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: storing thetreatment event data in a storage module of the defibrillating system;and associating the treatment event data with a patient profile storedin the storage module, wherein storing the treatment data in a storagemodule includes cataloging a type of the portion of the ECG signal. 6.The defibrillating system of claim 1, wherein the operations furthercomprise: associating a second portion the ECG signal measured by theone or more electrodes to the treatment event, the second portion of theECG signal corresponding to a time period after the first portion of theECG signal.
 7. The defibrillating system of claim 1, wherein a length ofthe portion of the ECG signal corresponds to a predetermined length oftime preceding the determination of whether to deliver the shocktherapy.
 8. The defibrillating system of claim 7, wherein thepredetermined length of time is one of approximately 9 seconds,approximately 12 seconds, and approximately 15 seconds.
 9. Thedefibrillating system of claim 1, wherein the potion of the ECG signalcorresponds to an initial treatment period during which thedefibrillating system is being connected to the patient.
 10. Thedefibrillating system of claim 9, wherein the operations furthercomprise: using the portion of the ECG signal, determining a pathologyof the patient as indicative of one of pulseless electrical activity(PEA), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ventriculararrhythmia, atrial arrhythmia, or preeclampsia.
 11. The defibrillatingsystem of claim 1, further comprising: one or more controls forinteracting with the defibrillating system; and a user interfaceconfigured to display the treatment event data including the associatedportion of the ECG signal, wherein the treatment event data isconfigured to be one or more of searched, filtered, navigated, andsorted using the one or more controls.
 12. The defibrillating system ofclaim 11, wherein treatment event data associated with one or moretreatment events for a patient are displayed in chronological orderusing the user interface.
 13. The defibrillating system of claim 1,wherein the operations further comprise: transmitting, to a secondcaregiver, in response to the determination, the treatment event datastored in the profile associated with the patient.
 14. A non-transitorycomputer readable medium storing instructions for causing a computingsystem to perform operations comprising: analyzing a portion of anelectrocardiogram (ECG) signal measured by one or more electrodes of adefibrillating device to determine whether to deliver shock therapy tothe patient using the defibrillating device, the one or more electrodesconfigured to measure an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal from a patientand deliver shock therapy to the patient; in response determiningwhether to deliver the shock therapy, generating data representing atreatment event; associating the analyzed portion of the ECG signal withthe treatment event data; determining that a treatment of the patient bya first caregiver using the defibrillating device is completed; andstoring, in response to the determination, the treatment event data in aprofile associated with the patient, the profile configured to beaccessible by a second caregiver.
 15. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise:delivering shock therapy when a shockable rhythm identified from the ECGsignal, wherein shock therapy is not delivered if a non-shockable rhythmis identified from the ECG signal.
 16. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 14, wherein the treatment event data comprises:an identifier of the patient being treated by the shock therapy; anindicator indicating whether the portion of the ECG signal is indicativeof a shockable rhythm or whether the portion of the ECG signal isindicative of a non-shockable rhythm; and a timestamp representing atime at which the treatment event is generated.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the treatment event datais associated with additional data, the additional data including one ormore of SpO2 data, CO2 data, ventilation data, chest compression data,and narrative data, the additional data being contemporaneous with atime period during which the portion of the ECG signal was measured bythe one or more electrodes.
 18. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: storing thetreatment event data in a storage module of the defibrillating system;and associating the treatment event data with a patient profile storedin the storage module, wherein storing the treatment data in a storagemodule includes cataloging a type of the portion of the ECG signal. 19.The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein theoperations further comprise: associating a second portion the ECG signalmeasured by the one or more electrodes to the treatment event, thesecond portion of the ECG signal corresponding to a time period afterthe first portion of the ECG signal.
 20. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 14, wherein a length of the portion of the ECGsignal corresponds to a predetermined length of time preceding thedetermination of whether to deliver the shock therapy.
 21. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 20, wherein thepredetermined length of time is one of approximately 9 seconds,approximately 12 seconds, and approximately 15 seconds.
 22. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein the potionof the ECG signal corresponds to an initial treatment period duringwhich the defibrillating system is being connected to the patient. 23.The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 22, wherein theoperations further comprise: using the portion of the ECG signal,determining a pathology of the patient as indicative of one of pulselesselectrical activity (PEA), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI),ventricular arrhythmia, atrial arrhythmia, or preeclampsia.
 24. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14, the operationsfurther comprising: displaying, using a user interface, the treatmentevent data including the associated portion of the ECG signal, whereinthe treatment event data is configured to be one or more of searched,filtered, navigated, and sorted using one or more controls forinteracting with the computing system.